Preface xxiii About the Authors xxvii General Introduction
1 I.1 What is Manufacturing?
1 I.2 Product Design and Concurrent Engineering
6 I.3 Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly, and Service
10 I.4 Green Design and Manufacturing
11 I.5 Selection of Materials
13 I.6 Selection of Manufacturing Processes
16 I.7 Computer-integrated Manufacturing
25 I.8 Quality Assurance and Total Quality Management
28 I.9 Lean Production and Agile Manufacturing
30 I.10 Manufacturing Costs and Global Competition
31 I.11 Trends in Manufacturing
32 Part I: Fundamentals of Materials: Behavior and Manufacturing Properties
35 1 The Structure of Metals
38 1.1 Introduction
38 1.2 Types of Atomic Bonds
39 1.3 The Crystal Structure of Metals
40 1.4 Deformation and Strength of Single Crystals
42 1.5 Grains and Grain Boundaries
45 1.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals
48 1.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
49 1.8 Cold, Warm, and Hot Working
50 Summary
51 Key Terms
51 Bibliography
52 Review Questions
52 Qualitative Problems
52 Quantitative Problems
53 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
54 2 Mechanical Behavior, Testing, and Manufacturing Properties of Materials
55 2.1 Introduction
55 2.2 Tension
56 2.3 Compression
65 2.4 Torsion
66 2.5 Bending (Flexure)
67 2.6 Hardness
67 2.7 Fatigue
73 2.8 Creep
74 2.9 Impact
74 2.10 Failure and Fracture of Materials
75 2.11 Residual Stresses
80 2.12 Work, Heat, and Temperature
81 Summary
82 Key Terms
83 Bibliography
83 Review Questions
84 Qualitative Problems
84 Quantitative Problems
85 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
86 3 Physical Properties of Materials
88 3.1 Introduction
88 3.2 Density
89 3.3 Melting Point
92 3.4 Specific Heat
92 3.5 Thermal Conductivity
93 3.6 Thermal Expansion
93 3.7 Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
94 3.8 Corrosion Resistance
95 Summary
97 Key Terms
98 Bibliography
98 Review Questions
98 Qualitative Problems
98 Quantitative Problems
99 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
99 4 Metal Alloys: Their Structure and Strengthening by Heat Treatment
101 4.1 Introduction
101 4.2 Structure of Alloys
102 4.3 Phase Diagrams
104 4.4 The Iron-Carbon System
107 4.5 The Iron-Iron-carbide Phase Diagram and the Development of Microstructures in Steels 108 4.6 Cast Irons
109 4.7 Heat Treatment of Ferrous Alloys
111 4.8 Hardenability of Ferrous Alloys
113 4.9 Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Alloys and Stainless Steels
117 4.10 Case Hardening
119 4.11 Annealing
121 4.12 Heat-treating Furnaces and Equipment
123 4.13 Design Considerations for Heat Treating
124 Review Questions
126 Qualitative Problems
127 Quantitative Problems
127 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
127 5 Ferrous Metals and Alloys: Production, General Properties, and Applications
128 5.1 Introduction
128 5.2 Production of Iron and Steel
129 5.3 Casting of Ingots
132 5.4 Continuous Casting
133 5.5 Carbon and Alloy Steels
135 5.6 Stainless Steels
142 5.7 Tool and Die Steels
144 Summary
145 Key Terms
146 Bibliography
147 Review Questions
147 Qualitative Problems
147 Quantitative Problems
148 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
148 6 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys: Production, General Properties, and Applications
150 6.1 Introduction
150 6.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
151 6.3 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
155 6.4 Copper and Copper Alloys
156 6.5 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
158 6.6 Superalloys
159 6.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
160 6.8 Refractory Metals and Alloys
161 6.9 Beryllium
162 6.10 Zirconium
162 6.11 Low-melting Alloys
162 6.12 Precious Metals
164 6.13 Shape-memory Alloys (Smart Materials)
164 6.14 Amorphous Alloys (Metallic Glasses)
165 6.15 Metal Foams
165 Summary
166 Key Terms
166 Bibliography
166 Review Questions
167 Qualitative Problems
167 Quantitative Problems
167 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
168 7 Polymers: Structure, General Properties, and Applications
169 7.1 Introduction
169 7.2 The Structure of Polymers
171 7.3 Thermoplastics
178 7.4 Thermosetting Plastics
181 7.5 Additives in Plastics
182 7.6 General Properties and Applications of Thermoplastics
183 7.7 General Properties and Applications of Thermosetting Plastics
186 7.8 Biodegradable Plastics
187 7.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)
188 Summary
189 Key Terms
190 Bibliography
190 Review Questions
191 Qualitative Problems
191 Quantitative Problems
192 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
193 8 Ceramics, Glass, Graphite, Diamond, and Nanomaterials: Structure, General Properties, and Applications
194 8.1 Introduction
194 8.2 The Structure of Ceramics
195 8.3 General Properties and Applications of Ceramics
200 8.4 Glasses
204 8.5 Glass Ceramics
206 8.6 Graphite
207 8.7 Diamond
209 8.8 Nanomaterials
210 Summary
211 Key Terms
212 Bibliography
212 Review Questions
212 Qualitative Problems
213 Quantitative Problems
213 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
213 9 Composite Materials: Structure, General Properties, and Applications
215 9.1 Introduction
215 9.2 The Structure of Reinforced Plastics
216 9.3 Properties of Reinforced Plastics
221 9.4 Applications of Reinforced Plastics
224 9.5 Metal-matrix Composites
226 9.6 Ceramic-matrix Composites
228 9.7 Other Composites
229 Summary
230 Key Terms
230 Bibliography
230 Review Questions
231 Qualitative Problems
231 Quantitative Problems
232 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
232 Part II: Metal-casting Processes and Equipment
235 10 Fundamentals of Metal Casting
237 10.1 Introduction
237 10.2 Solidification of Metals
238 10.3 Fluid Flow
243 10.4 Fluidity of Molten Metal
246 10.5 Heat Transfer
247 10.6 Defects
249 Summary
252 Key Terms
252 Bibliography
253 Review Questions
253 Qualitative Problems
253 Quantitative Problems
254 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
255 11 Metal-casting Processes and Equipment
256 11.1 Introduction
256 11.2 Expendable-mold, Permanent-pattern Casting Processes
260 11.3 Expendable-mold, Expendable-pattern Casting Processes
269 11.4 Permanent-mold Casting Processes
276 11.5 Casting Techniques for Single-crystal Components
284 11.6 Rapid Solidification
286 11.7 Inspection of Castings
287 11.8 Melting Practice and Furnaces
287 11.9 Foundries and Foundry Automation
289 Summary
289 Key Terms
290 Bibliography
290 Review Questions
290 Qualitative Problems
291 Quantitative Problems
291 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
292 12 Metal Casting: Design, Materials, and Economics
294 12.1 Introduction
294 12.2 Design Considerations in Casting
294 12.3 Casting Alloys
303 12.4 Economics of Casting
308 Summary
309 Key Terms
309 Bibliography
309 Review Questions
310 Qualitative Problems
310 Quantitative Problems
310 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
311 Part III: Forming and Shaping Processes and Equipment
313 13 Metal-rolling Processes and Equipment
316 13.1 Introduction
316 13.2 The Flat-rolling Process
318 13.3 Flat-rolling Practice
323 13.4 Rolling Mills
326 13.5 Various Rolling Processes and Mills
328 Summary
333 Key Terms
333 Bibliography
334 Review Questions
334 Qualitative Problems
334 Quantitative Problems
335 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
336 14 Metal-forging Processes and Equipment
337 14.1 Introduction
337 14.2 Open-die Forging
339 14.3 Impression-die and Closed-die Forging
342 14.4 Various Forging Operations
345 14.5 Forgeability of Metals; Forging Defects
349 14.6 Die Design, Die Materials, and Lubrication
351 14.7 Die-manufacturing Methods and Die Failure
354 14.8 Forging Machines
355 14.9 Economics of Forging
358 Summary
360 Key Terms
361 Bibliography
361 Review Questions
362 Qualitative Problems
362 Quantitative Problems
362 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
363 15 Metal Extrusion and Drawing Processes and Equipment
364 15.1 Introduction
364 15.2 The Extrusion Process
366 15.3 Hot Extrusion
368 15.4 Cold Extrusion
372 15.5 Extrusion Defects
374 15.6 Design Considerations
376 15.7 Extrusion Equipment
376 15.8 The Drawing Process
377 15.9 Drawing Practice
379 15.10 Drawing Defects and Residual Stresses
382 15.11 Drawing Equipment
382 Summary
384 Key Terms
383 Bibliography
384 Review Questions
384 Qualitative Problems
384 Quantitative Problems
385 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
385 16 Sheet-metal Forming Processes and Equipment
386 16.1 Introduction
386 16.2 Shearing
387 16.3 Sheet-metal Characteristics and Formability
397 16.4 Formability Tests for Sheet Metals
399 16.5 Bending Sheets, Plates, and Tubes
402 16.6 Miscellaneous Bending and Related Forming Operations
406 16.7 Deep Drawing
411 16.8 Rubber Forming and Hydroforming
419 16.9 Spinning
423 16.10 Superplastic Forming
426 16.11 Hot Stamping
427 16.12 Specialized Forming Processes
428 16.13 Manufacturing of Metal Honeycomb Structures
433 16.14 Design Considerations in Sheet-metal Forming
434 16.15 Equipment for Sheet-metal Forming
437 16.16 Economics of Sheet-forming Operations
438 Summary
439 Key Terms
440 Bibliography
440 Review Questions
440 Qualitative Problems
441 Quantitative Problems
441 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
442 17 Powder Metal Processes and Equipment
444 17.1 Introduction
444 17.2 Production of Metal Powders
445 17.3 Compaction of Metal Powders
450 17.4 Sintering
461 17.5 Secondary and Finishing Operations
464 17.6 Design Considerations
466 17.7 Economics of Powder Metallurgy
469 Summary
471 Key Terms
471 Bibliography
471 Review Questions
472 Qualitative Problems
472 Quantitative Problems
473 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
473 18 Ceramics, Glasses, and Superconductors: Processing and Equipment
475 18.1 Introduction
475 18.2 Shaping Ceramics
476 18.3 Forming and Shaping of Glass
483 18.4 Techniques for Strengthening and Annealing Glass
486 18.5 Design Considerations for Ceramics and Glasses
489 18.6 Processing of Superconductors 489 Summary
491 Key Terms
491 Bibliography
492 Review Questions
492 Qualitative Problems
492 Quantitative Problems
493 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
493 19 Plastics and Composite Materials: Forming and Shaping
494 19.1 Introduction
494 19.2 Extrusion
495 19.3 Injection Molding
502 19.4 Blow Molding
509 19.5 Rotational Molding
509 19.6 Thermoforming
511 19.7 Compression Molding
512 19.8 Transfer Molding
513 19.9 Casting
514 19.10 Foam Molding
515 19.11 Cold Forming and Solid-phase Forming
516 19.12 Processing Elastomers
517 19.13 Processing Polymer-matrix Composites
518 19.14 Processing Metal-matrix and Ceramic-matrix Composites
527 19.15 Design Considerations
528 19.16 Economics of Processing Plastics and Composite Materials
530 Summary
531 Key Terms
531 Bibliography
532 Review Questions
532 Qualitative Problems
532 Quantitative Problems
533 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
533 20 Rapid-prototyping Processes and Operations
535 20.1 Introduction
535 20.2 Subtractive Processes
538 20.3 Additive Processes
540 20.4 Virtual Prototyping
551 20.5 Self-replicating Machines
552 20.6 Direct Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling
553 Summary
560 Key Terms
560 Bibliography
560 Review Questions
561 Qualitative Problems
561 Quantitative Problems
562 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
562 Part IV: Machining Processes and Machine Tools
563 21 Fundamentals of Machining
566 21.1 Introduction
566 21.2 Mechanics of Cutting
567 21.3 Cutting Forces and Power
577 21.4 Temperatures in Cutting
580 21.5 Tool Life: Wear and Failure
582 21.6 Surface Finish and Integrity
589 21.7 Machinability
591 Summary
595 Key Terms
596 Bibliography
596 Review Questions
596 Qualitative Problems
597 Quantitative Problems
598 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
599 22 Cutting-tool Materials and Cutting Fluids
600 22.1 Introduction
600 22.2 High-speed Steels
604 22.3 Cast-cobalt Alloys
605 22.4 Carbides
605 22.5 Coated Tools
609 22.6 Alumina-based Ceramics
612 22.7 Cubic Boron Nitride
613 22.8 Silicon-nitride-based Ceramics
614 22.9 Diamond
614 22.10 Whisker-reinforced Materials and Nanomaterials
615 22.11 Tool Costs and Reconditioning of Tools
616 22.12 Cutting Fluids
616 Summary
622 Key Terms
622 Bibliography
622 Review Questions
623 Qualitative Problems
623 Quantitative Problems
624 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
624 23 Machining Processes: Turning and Hole Making
625 23.1 Introduction
625 23.2 The Turning Process
628 23.3 Lathes and Lathe Operations
636 23.4 Boring and Boring Machines
651 23.5 Drilling, Drills, and Drilling Machines
652 23.6 Reaming and Reamers
661 23.7 Tapping and Taps
662 Summary
664 Key Terms
665 Bibliography
665 Review Questions
665 Qualitative Problems
666 Quantitative Problems
666 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
667 24 Machining Processes: Milling, Broaching, Sawing, Filing, and Gear Manufacturing
668 24.1 Introduction
668 24.2 Milling and Milling Machines
669 24.3 Planing and Shaping
684 24.4 Broaching and Broaching Machines
684 24.5 Sawing
688 24.6 Filing
692 24.7 Gear Manufacturing by Machining
692 Summary
699 Key Terms
700 Bibliography
700 Review Questions
700 Qualitative Problems
700 Quantitative Problems
701 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
702 25 Machining Centers, Machine-Tool Structures, and Machining Economics
703 25.1 Introduction
703 25.2 Machining Centers
703 25.3 Machine-tool Structures
712 25.4 Vibration and Chatter in Machining Operations
716 25.5 High-speed Machining
719 25.6 Hard Machining
720 25.7 Ultraprecision Machining
721 25.8 Machining Economics
722 Summary
726 Key Terms
726 Bibliography
727 Review Questions
727 Qualitative Problems
727 Quantitative Problems
728 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
728 26 Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations
729 26.1 Introduction
729 26.2 Abrasives and Bonded Abrasives
731 26.3 The Grinding Process
737 26.4 Grinding Operations and Machines
746 26.5 Design Considerations for Grinding
755 26.6 Ultrasonic Machining
755 26.7 Finishing Operations
756 26.8 Deburring Operations
761 26.9 Economics of Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations
764 Summary
765 Key Terms
765 Bibliography
766 Review Questions
766 Qualitative Problems
767 Quantitative Problems
767 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
768 27 Advanced Machining Processes and Equipment
769 27.1 Introduction
769 27.2 Chemical Machining
770 27.3 Electrochemical Machining
775 27.4 Electrochemical Grinding
779 27.5 Electrical-discharge Machining
780 27.6 Laser-beam Machining
784 27.7 Electron-beam Machining
787 27.8 Water-jet Machining
788 27.9 Abrasive-jet Machining
790 27.10 Hybrid Machining Systems
790 27.11 Economics of Advanced Machining Processes
791 Summary
794 Key Terms
794 Bibliography
795 Review Questions
795 Quantitative Problems
795 Qualitative Problems
796 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
796 Part V: Micromanufacturing and Fabrication of Microelectronic Devices
797 28 Fabrication of Microelectronic Devices
800 28.1 Introduction
800 28.2 Clean Rooms
803 28.3 Semiconductors and Silicon
804 28.4 Crystal Growing and Wafer Preparation
805 28.5 Film Deposition
807 28.6 Oxidation
809 28.7 Lithography
810 28.8 Etching
818 28.9 Diffusion and Ion Implantation
825 28.10 Metallization and Testing
827 28.11 Wire Bonding and Packaging
830 28.12 Yield and Reliability
835 28.13 Printed Circuit Boards
835 Summary
837 Key Terms
838 Bibliography
838 Review Questions
838 Qualitative Problems
839 Quantitative Problems
839 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
840 29 Fabrication of Microelectromechanical Devices and Systems and Nanoscale Manufacturing
841 29.1 Introduction
841 29.2 Micromachining of MEMS Devices
843 29.3 Electroforming-based Processes
854 29.4 Solid Free-form Fabrication of Devices
861 29.5 Nanoscale Manufacturing
866 Summary
869 Key Terms
869 Bibliography
869 Review Questions
870 Qualitative Problems
870 Quantitative Problems
870 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
871 Part VI: Joining Processes and Equipment
873 30 Fusion Welding Processes
877 30.1 Introduction
877 30.2 Oxyfuel-gas Welding
877 30.3 Arc-welding Processes: Nonconsumable Electrode
882 30.4 Arc-welding Processes: Consumable Electrode
885 30.5 Electrodes for Arc Welding
890 30.6 Electron-beam Welding
892 30.7 Laser-beam Welding
893 30.8 Cutting
894 30.9 The Weld Joint, Quality, and Testing
896 30.10 Joint Design and Process Selection
905 Summary
908 Key Terms
909 Bibliography
909 Review Questions
909 Qualitative Problems
910 Quantitative Problems
910 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
911 31 Solid-State Welding Processes
912 31.1 Introduction
912 31.2 Cold Welding and Roll Bonding
913 31.3 Ultrasonic Welding
914 31.4 Friction Welding
915 31.5 Resistance Welding
917 31.6 Explosion Welding
925 31.7 Diffusion Bonding
926 31.8 Economics of Welding Operations
928 Summary
930 Key Terms
930 Bibliography
931 Review Questions
931 Qualitative Problems
931 Quantitative Problems
932 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
932 32 Brazing, Soldering, Adhesive-bonding, and Mechanical Fastening Processes
934 32.1 Introduction
934 32.2 Brazing
935 32.3 Soldering
939 32.4 Adhesive-bonding
943 32.5 Mechanical Fastening
949 32.6 Joining Plastics, Ceramics, and Glasses
953 32.7 Economics of Joining Operations
957 Summary
958 Key Terms
958 Bibliography
959 Review Questions
959 Qualitative Problems
959 Quantitative Problems
960 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
960 Part VII: Surface Technology
961 33 Surface Roughness and Measurement; Friction, Wear, and Lubrication
963 33.1 Introduction
963 33.2 Surface Structure and Integrity
964 33.3 Surface Texture and Roughness
966 33.4 Friction
969 33.5 Wear
973 33.6 Lubrication
976 33.7 Metalworking Fluids and Their Selection
978 Summary
981 Key Terms
982 Bibliography
982 Review Questions
983 Qualitative Problems
983 Quantitative Problems
984 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
984 34 Surface Treatments, Coatings, and Cleaning
985 34.1 Introduction
985 34.2 Mechanical Surface Treatments
986 34.3 Mechanical Plating and Cladding
987 34.4 Case Hardening and Hard Facing
988 34.5 Thermal Spraying
988 34.6 Vapor Deposition
989 34.7 Ion Implantation and Diffusion Coating
993 34.8 Laser Treatments
993 34.9 Electroplating, Electroless Plating, and Electroforming
994 34.10 Conversion Coatings
998 34.11 Hot Dipping
998 34.12 Porcelain Enameling; Ceramic and Organic Coatings
999 34.13 Diamond Coating and Diamondlike Carbon
1000 34.14 Surface Texturing
1001 34.15 Painting
1001 34.16 Cleaning of Surfaces
1002 Summary
1004 Key Terms
1004 Bibliography
1004 Review Questions
1005 Qualitative Problems
1005 Quantitative Problems
1005 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1005 Part VIII: Engineering Metrology, Instrumentation, and Quality Assurance
1007 35 Surface Treatments, Coatings, and Cleaning
1008 35.1 Introduction
1008 35.2 Measurement Standards
1008 35.3 Geometric Features of Parts: Analog and Digital Measurements
1010 35.4 Traditional Measuring Methods and Instruments
1010 35.5 Modern Measuring Instruments and Machines
1017 35.6 Automated Measurement
1020 35.7 General Characteristics and Selection of Measuring Instruments
1021 35.8 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
1021 Summary
1027 Key Terms
1027 Bibliography
1027 Review Questions
1027 Qualitative Problems
1028 Quantitative Problems
1028 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1029 36 Quality Assurance, Testing, and Inspection
1030 36.1 Introduction
1030 36.2 Product Quality
1031 36.3 Quality Assurance
1031 36.4 Total Quality Management
1032 36.5 Taguchi Methods
1034 36.6 The ISO and QS Standards
1038 36.7 Statistical Methods of Quality Control
1039 36.8 Statistical Process Control
1042 36.9 Reliability of Products and Processes
1048 36.10 Nondestructive Testing
1048 36.11 Destructive Testing
1052 36.12 Automated Inspection
1052 Summary
1053 Key Terms
1054 Bibliography
1054 Review Questions
1054 Qualitative Problems
1055 Quantitative Problems
1055 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1056 Part IX: Manufacturing in a Competitive Environment
1057 37 Automation of Manufacturing Processes and Operations
1059 37.1 Introduction
1059 37.2 Automation
1061 37.3 Numerical Control
1068 37.4 Adaptive Control
1074 37.5 Material Handling and Movement
1077 37.6 Industrial Robots
1078 37.7 Sensor Technology
1085 37.8 Flexible Fixturing
1089 37.9 Assembly Systems
1090 37.10 Design Considerations for Fixturing, Assembly, Disassembly, and Servicing
1094 37.11 Economic Considerations
1096 Summary
1097 Key Terms
1097 Bibliography
1098 Review Questions
1098 Qualitative Problems
1099 Quantitative Problems
1099 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1099 38 Computer-aided Manufacturing
1101 38.1 Introduction
1101 38.2 Manufacturing Systems
1102 38.3 Computer-integrated Manufacturing
1102 38.4 Computer-aided Design and Engineering
1105 38.5 Computer-aided Manufacturing
1111 38.6 Computer-aided Process Planning
1112 38.7 Computer Simulation of Manufacturing Processes and Systems
1114 38.8 Group Technology
1116 Summary
1123 Key Terms
1124 Bibliography
1124 Review Questions
1124 Qualitative Problems
1124 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1125 39 Computer-integrated Manufacturing Systems
1126 39.1 Introduction
1126 39.2 Cellular Manufacturing
1127 39.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems
1128 39.4 Holonic Manufacturing
1131 39.5 Just-in-time Production
1133 39.6 Lean Manufacturing
1134 39.7 Communications Networks in Manufacturing
1136 39.8 Artificial Intelligence
1137 39.9 Economic Considerations
1140 Summary
1140 Key Terms
1141 Bibliography
1141 Review Questions
1141 Qualitative Problems
1142 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1142 40 Product Design and Manufacturing in a Competitive Environment
1143 40.1 Introduction
1143 40.2 Product Design
1144 40.3 Product Quality
1147 40.4 Life-cycle Assessment and Sustainable Manufacturing
1147 40.5 Energy Consumption in Manufacturing
1149 40.6 Material Selection for Products
1151 40.7 Material Substitution
1153 40.8 Manufacturing Process Capabilities
1155 40.9 Process Selection
1157 40.10 Manufacturing Costs and Cost Reduction
1160 Summary
1165 Key Terms
1165 Bibliography
1165 Review Questions
1166 Qualitative Problems
1166 Synthesis, Design, and Projects
1167 Index
| Access no. | Call number | Location | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01320/19 | 670.42 Kal M | Library - 7th Floor | Available |